Cours de UXLINK

OKCoin Europe Ltd

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UXLINK Token

UXLINK Token is present on the following networks: Arbitrum, Binance Smart Chain, Mantle, Toncoin. Arbitrum is a Layer 2 solution on top of Ethereum that uses Optimistic Rollups to enhance scalability and reduce transaction costs. It assumes that transactions are valid by default and only verifies them if there's a challenge (optimistic): Core Components: • Sequencer: Orders transactions and creates batches for processing. • Bridge: Facilitates asset transfers between Arbitrum and Ethereum. • Fraud Proofs: Protect against invalid transactions through an interactive verification process. Verification Process: 1. Transaction Submission: Users submit transactions to the Arbitrum Sequencer, which orders and batches them. 2. State Commitment: These batches are submitted to Ethereum with a state commitment. 3. Challenge Period: Validators have a specific period to challenge the state if they suspect fraud. 4. Dispute Resolution: If a challenge occurs, the dispute is resolved through an iterative process to identify the fraudulent transaction. The final operation is executed on Ethereum to determine the correct state. 5. Rollback and Penalties: If fraud is proven, the state is rolled back, and the dishonest party is penalized. Security and Efficiency: The combination of the Sequencer, bridge, and interactive fraud proofs ensures that the system remains secure and efficient. By minimizing on-chain data and leveraging off-chain computations, Arbitrum can provide high throughput and low fees. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently. Mantle is a Layer-2 rollup built on top of Ethereum, designed to leverage Ethereum’s security and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus without an independent consensus layer. Core Components of Mantle’s Consensus: 1. Ethereum PoS Inheritance: Layer-2 Rollup Model: Mantle does not operate its own consensus mechanism; instead, it relies on Ethereum’s PoS for transaction finalization and network security. As a rollup on Ethereum, Mantle inherits the security guarantees of Ethereum’s established PoS model. 2. Rollup Type Options: Optimistic Rollups or Zero-Knowledge Rollups: Depending on its configuration, Mantle may use either Optimistic Rollups or Zero-Knowledge Rollups (zk-Rollups) to batch transactions. These rollup methods allow Mantle to achieve efficient off-chain processing and on-chain finality by periodically committing transaction data to Ethereum’s mainnet. Toncoin utilizes a Proof of Stake (PoS) model with the Catchain consensus algorithm to provide a secure, scalable, and efficient multi-chain environment. Core Components of Toncoin’s Consensus: 1. Proof of Stake (PoS) with Validators: Validator Role: Validators are required to stake Toncoin to participate in consensus. They validate transactions and secure the network by processing blocks and maintaining network integrity. 2. Catchain Consensus Algorithm: High Scalability and Speed: The Catchain consensus protocol is specifically designed for Toncoin’s multi-chain architecture, optimizing for fast and scalable operations across multiple shards. Multi-Chain Compatibility: Catchain supports a sharded environment, allowing different chains (or shards) to reach consensus efficiently. This approach enhances the network’s ability to process a high volume of transactions in parallel. 3. Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT): Fault Tolerance: The Catchain protocol is Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT), meaning it can tolerate some level of malicious or faulty behavior among validators. This BFT compliance ensures that the network remains secure and functional even when a minority of validators act maliciously. 4. Validator Rotation and Slashing: Regular Rotation: Validators are rotated regularly to enhance decentralization and security. This system prevents any single validator or group from maintaining control over consensus indefinitely. Slashing for Malicious Behavior: Validators who act maliciously or fail to perform their duties may be penalized through slashing, losing a portion of their staked Toncoin. This discourages dishonest behavior and promotes reliable network participation.

UXLINK Token is present on the following networks: Arbitrum, Binance Smart Chain, Mantle, Toncoin. Arbitrum One, a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum, employs several incentive mechanisms to ensure the security and integrity of transactions on its network. The key mechanisms include: 1. Validators and Sequencers: o Sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches that are processed off-chain. They play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and throughput of the network. o Validators monitor the sequencers' actions and ensure that transactions are processed correctly. Validators verify the state transitions and ensure that no invalid transactions are included in the batches. 2. Fraud Proofs: o Assumption of Validity: Transactions processed off-chain are assumed to be valid. This allows for quick transaction finality and high throughput. o Challenge Period: There is a predefined period during which anyone can challenge the validity of a transaction by submitting a fraud proof. This mechanism acts as a deterrent against malicious behavior. o Dispute Resolution: If a challenge is raised, an interactive verification process is initiated to pinpoint the exact step where fraud occurred. If the challenge is valid, the fraudulent transaction is reverted, and the dishonest actor is penalized. 3. Economic Incentives: o Rewards for Honest Behavior: Participants in the network, such as validators and sequencers, are incentivized through rewards for performing their duties honestly and efficiently. These rewards come from transaction fees and potentially other protocol incentives. o Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Participants who engage in dishonest behavior or submit invalid transactions are penalized. This can include slashing of staked tokens or other forms of economic penalties, which serve to discourage malicious actions. Fees on the Arbitrum One Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: o Layer 2 Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are typically lower than Ethereum mainnet fees due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. o Arbitrum Transaction Fee: A fee is charged for each transaction processed by the sequencer. This fee covers the cost of processing the transaction and ensuring its inclusion in a batch. 2. L1 Data Fees: o Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, the state updates from the Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee, known as the L1 data fee, which accounts for the gas required to publish these state updates on Ethereum. o Cost Sharing: Because transactions are batched, the fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions, making it more cost-effective for users. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform. Mantle aims to reduce transaction fees for users by utilizing Ethereum compatibility, rollup technology, and transaction bundling, offering a cost-effective Layer-2 solution. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Gas Fee Model: Ethereum Compatibility: Mantle is EVM-compatible, meaning it shares Ethereum’s gas fee model. Transactions require users to pay fees in units of gas, with costs varying based on transaction complexity and computational demand. 2. Lower Transaction Costs: Off-Chain Processing with Bundling: By processing transactions off-chain and settling data on Ethereum only periodically, Mantle reduces individual transaction costs. This method results in significantly lower fees compared to the Ethereum mainnet. Economies of Scale: Through transaction bundling, Mantle can spread the cost of Ethereum’s on-chain settlement across multiple transactions, allowing users to pay only a fraction of the gas fees they would incur directly on Ethereum. Applicable Fees: Layer-2 Gas Fees: While Mantle’s gas fees are lower than those on Ethereum, they are still measured in units of gas and depend on transaction complexity. The fees reflect the cost of executing transactions in Mantle’s Layer-2 environment while benefiting from reduced overall gas consumption due to batching. Toncoin incentivizes network security, participation, and efficiency through staking rewards, transaction fees, and slashing penalties. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Staking Rewards for Validators: Rewards for Securing the Network: Validators earn staking rewards for actively participating in the network’s consensus process and ensuring its security. These rewards are provided in Toncoin and are proportional to each validator’s staked amount, encouraging validators to maintain their roles responsibly. 2. Transaction Fees: Ongoing Income for Validators: Validators also receive a share of transaction fees from the blocks they validate, providing a consistent reward that grows with network usage. This additional income incentivizes validators to process transactions accurately and efficiently. 3. Decentralization through Validator Rotation: Fair and Balanced Participation: The frequent rotation of validators ensures that new participants can join the validator set, promoting decentralization and preventing monopolization of the network by a small group of validators. 4. Slashing Mechanism: Penalties for Dishonest Behavior: To maintain security, Toncoin enforces a slashing mechanism that penalizes validators who act maliciously or fail to fulfill their duties. This risk of losing staked Toncoin encourages validators to behave honestly and fulfill their responsibilities. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees: Transaction fees on the TON blockchain are paid in Toncoin. These fees vary based on transaction complexity and network demand, ensuring that validators are compensated for their work and that resources are efficiently utilized.

2024-09-24

2025-09-24

1104.65618 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) arbitrum, binance_smart_chain, mantle, toncoin is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.