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Cosmos market info
Market cap
Market cap is calculated by multiplying the circulating supply of a coin with its latest price. Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Circulating supply
Total amount of a coin that is publicly available on the market.
Market cap ranking
A coin's ranking in terms of market cap value.
All-time high
Highest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
All-time low
Lowest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
Uncertainty continues to shape cryptocurrency markets as ATOM trades within a tight range between $4.383 and $4.491.
The Cosmos token has demonstrated remarkable stability despite heightened volatility in traditional markets, with strong buyer support emerging at key levels.
Recent political developments have created a complex backdrop for digital assets, though ATOM's recovery pattern in the last trading hour suggests underlying strength amid the uncertainty.
Technical Analysis
ATOM-USD traded in a 2.47% range over 24 hours, oscillating between $4.491 and $4.383.
Strong volume support emerged at $4.437 during the 13:00 hour with above-average volume of 1.17M.
Resistance level established at $4.479 during the 19:00 hour.
Notable bearish move occurred at 21:00 when prices dropped to the period low of $4.383.
Recovery pattern formed in the last hour, with ATOM climbing from $4.449 to $4.460 (0.25% gain).
Significant volatility at 01:35 created a strong support level at $4.444 with exceptionally high volume (41.8M).
Steady uptrend formed from 01:43 onward, establishing higher lows.
Bullish momentum surge between 02:02-02:04 broke above the $4.458 resistance level.
60-minute trading range (1.35%) was tighter than previous day's volatility, suggesting consolidation with bullish bias.
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CoinDesk
The following open letter was written by Dan Boneh (Stanford), Joseph Bonneau (NYU), Giulia Fanti (Carnegie Mellon), Ben Fisch (Yale), Ari Juels (Cornell), Farinaz Koushanfar (U.C. San Diego), Andrew Miller (University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign), Ciamac Moallemi (Columbia), David Tse (Stanford), Pramod Viswanath (Princeton).
Here’s a multiple choice question.
Algorand, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Axelar, Babylon, Cardano, Cosmos, Eigenlayer, Espresso, Flashbots, Oasis, Starkware, Sui.
Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols, digital signatures, formal verification, maximal extractable value (MEV), public-key cryptography, proof of work, rollups, trusted execution environments (TEEs) used in blockchain systems, verifiable random functions (VRFs), zero-knowledge proof systems.
Which of the following is true of the companies, projects, and concepts listed above?
A) They were invented / created by researchers employed at or with deep roots in academic institutions.
B) They have fueled and transformed the crypto / blockchain industry.
C) They demonstrate how essential academic innovation is to the crypto / blockchain industry.
D) All of the above.
The answer is D. The lion’s share of these innovations happened at universities, largely in the United States.
Crypto and the U.S. Federal Government
Both the White House and Congress are working to support and accelerate innovation and bolster U.S. dominance in the crypto economy and the blockchain technologies that power it. The White House has established the Presidential Working Group on Digital Asset Markets, while two major pieces of legislation, the GENIUS and STABLE bills, are pending in Congress. There is a crying need for regulatory and legislative reforms that prioritize and support innovation in crypto while enforcing robust protections for consumers. Efforts to accomplish these things sensibly are to be applauded.
At the same time, though, we are on the brink of seeing massive cuts to academic research funding in the United States. The White House budget proposal for 2025 includes a cut of 55% for the National Science Foundation (NSF). In the meantime, China increased its budget by 10% last year. NSF is the source of most federal funding for research in computer science at U.S. universities. It’s the main source of funding that has driven crypto innovations like those in the list above. Companies provide little funding for academic research because it’s not product-specific. So defunding NSF means defunding scientists in the U.S.—including those leading crypto innovation.
Defunding the Innovation Pipeline
We are academic researchers in the field of crypto, representing five U.S. universities. Alongside our teaching, we conduct research and train PhD students.
While market cap is a short-term indicator of the crypto industry’s health, the number of PhD students studying blockchain is a long-term one: it reflects the depth of future scientific leadership. That pipeline is already thinning. Several of us could not take on new PhD students this year due to the uncertain U.S. funding climate. And we are not alone.
Several of the companies in the list above were co-founded by former members of our academic groups or by us. If future members of our groups vanish alongside scientific funding, so will successful future founders of crypto companies in the U.S. And PhD students don’t just start companies. They are also the engine that powers academic and ultimately industry research, doing the brain- and labor-intensive work behind the technical innovations that lead to faster, more secure blockchains. PhD students in our groups played a key role in creating or advancing in many of the concepts in the second list above. If they vanish, so will the breakthroughs they would have brought to the industry.
When we’re funded to do research and stay on the cusp of innovation in crypto, we’re also better teachers—able to equip students with the latest advances. That means stronger technical leaders educated in the U.S.
Conclusion
Better regulation and legislation could be a boon to crypto. But U.S. leadership in crypto won’t be secured by policy alone. At the forefront of crypto innovation is science—and U.S. universities have long been its powerhouse.
If you’re a farmer trying to ensure a strong harvest, it’s wise to upgrade your equipment and expand your fields. But if you stop planting seedcorn, no amount of machinery will save the crop.
If you care about U.S. leadership in crypto, contact your congressional representatives and senators. Urge them to support the research funding that has made American universities the seedbed of global scientific and technical leadership—blockchain technology included.
Authors:
Dan Boneh is a Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, and advises a16z crypto and several projects in the blockchain space.
Joseph Bonneau is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at New York University. He has served as an advisor for Zcash, Algorand, Chia, O(1) labs and Espresso Systems and as a Research Partner at a16z crypto.
Giulia Fanti is the Angel Jordan Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. She is a co-director of the Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts (IC3), a member of Department of Commerce Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board (ISPAB), and a member of the UK Financial Conduct Authority’s Synthetic Data Expert Group (SDEG).
Ben Fisch is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Yale University. He is a co-founder of Espresso Systems and has advised several prominent crypto projects, including Chia and Filecoin.
Ari Juels is the Weill Family Foundation and Joan and Sanford I. Weill Professor at Cornell Tech and a Computer Science faculty member at Cornell University. He is also a co-director of the Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts (IC3), Chief Scientist at Chainlink Labs, and author of crypto thriller novel The Oracle.
Farinaz Koushanfar is the Nemat-Nasser Endowed Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California San Diego. She is also the founding co-director of the UCSD Center for Machine Intelligence, Computing, and Security (MICS), and a Research Scientist at Chainlink Labs. She is a fellow of ACM, IEEE, and the National Academy of Inventors (NAI).
Andrew Miller is an Adjunct Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. He is also a co-director of Flashbots[X], a co-director of Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts (IC3), and a board member of Zcash Foundation. He has been an advisor to Cycles, Chainlink, Inco, Clique, and Pi2.
Ciamac Moallemi is William von Mueffling Professor of Business and the director of the Briger Family Digital Finance Lab at the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University. He is also an advisor to several firms in the blockchain and fintech space.
David Tse is the Thomas Kailath and Guanghan Xu Professor of Engineering at Stanford University. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a recipient of the Claude E. Shannon Award in 2017 and the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 2019. He is also a co-founder of the Babylon Bitcoin staking protocol, currently ranked 8th in TVL (total value locked) among all DeFi protocols.
Pramod Viswanath is the Forrest G. Hamrick Professor of Engineering at Princeton University. He is a core contributor to Sentient.
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CoinDesk
Global economic uncertainties continue to ripple through cryptocurrency markets as nations navigate an increasingly complex trade landscape. ATOM has demonstrated remarkable resilience amid these tensions, maintaining critical support levels despite broader market volatility.
The Cosmos ecosystem, known for its interoperability solutions, faces both challenges and opportunities as global economic realignments potentially reshape blockchain development priorities and investment flows.
Technical analysis
ATOM exhibited a 2.94% trading range over 24 hours, consolidating between support at $4.26-4.28 and resistance at $4.36-4.38.
A significant volume spike to 891,072 units during the 02:00 hour coincided with price rejection at $4.31, establishing a high-volume support zone.
The asset recovered from the $4.26 low at 10:00, with subsequent higher lows suggesting accumulation despite sideways movement.
ATOM broke out of its consolidation pattern with an upward move from $4.29 to $4.31, representing a 0.47% gain.
The breakout was confirmed by elevated volume during the 13:32-13:39 period where price reached $4.32.
After testing the $4.32 resistance level, ATOM experienced minor profit-taking but maintained support above $4.30.
Disclaimer: Parts of this article were created with AI.
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The current price of Cosmos is $4.2550. Over the last 24 hours, Cosmos has decreased by -0.93%. It currently has a circulating supply of 452,768,321 ATOM and a maximum supply of 452,761,934 ATOM, giving it a fully diluted market cap of $1.93B. At present, Cosmos holds the 0 position in market cap rankings. The Cosmos/USD price is updated in real-time.
The rating provided is an aggregated rating collected by OKX from the sources provided and is for informational purpose only. OKX does not guarantee the quality or accuracy of the ratings. It is not intended to provide (i) investment advice or recommendation; (ii) an offer or solicitation to buy, sell or hold digital assets; or (iii) financial, accounting, legal or tax advice. Digital assets, including stablecoins and NFTs, involve a high degree of risk, can fluctuate greatly, and can even become worthless. The price and performance of the digital assets are not guaranteed and may change without notice. Your digital assets are not covered by insurance against potential losses. Historical returns are not indicative of future returns. OKX does not guarantee any return, repayment of principal or interest. OKX does not provide investment or asset recommendations. You should carefully consider whether trading or holding digital assets is suitable for you in light of your financial condition. Please consult your legal/ tax/ investment professional for questions about your specific circumstances.
By using the third-party website ("TPW"), you accept that any use of the TPW will be subject to and governed by the terms of the TPW. Unless expressly stated in writing, OKX and its affiliates ("OKX") are not in any way associated with the owner or operator of the TPW. You agree that OKX is not responsible or liable for any loss, damage and any other consequences arising from your use of the TPW. Please be aware that using a TPW may result in a loss or diminution of your assets.
Cosmos is a decentralized hub bridging multiple blockchains using Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithms like Tendermint. This pioneering platform not only aspires to knit together diverse blockchains but also to enhance their collective functionality. With a unified vision, the Cosmos team aims to break down barriers, envisioning a cohesive blockchain realm, all under the Cosmos umbrella.
What Is Cosmos
Cosmos, often called the “internet of blockchains,” seeks to revolutionize the blockchain industry by addressing major challenges like scalability and interoperability. It does so by fostering communication between distributed ledgers without relying on a centralized server.
The Cosmos ecosystem comprises application-specific sidechains named “Zones.” These Zones are interconnected through the Cosmos Hub, similar to Polkadot's parachain model.
ATOM, its native token, facilitates governance voting and strengthens security through staking.
The Cosmos team
Cosmos was developed by the Tendermint team. Its co-founders, Jae Kwon, the mastermind behind the Tendermint consensus algorithm, and Ethan Buchman, have rallied a team of adept blockchain developers, cryptographers, and computer scientists.
How does Cosmos work
Cosmos utilizes a "hub and spoke" architecture, where the Cosmos Hub acts as the central hub, and various independent blockchains, referred to as “Spokes,” connect to it. These independent blockchains, known as Zones, leverage the Tendermint consensus protocol and communicate with the hub using the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol.
In contrast to many platforms that depend on smart contracts for inter-chain interactions, Cosmos introduces an open-source tool that allows developers to design and develop decentralized blockchain applications. Additionally, Cosmos offers software development kits (SDKs) to streamline the creation of these applications.
ATOM tokenomics
ATOM is the native token of the Cosmos network. It underpins the network's Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus model, with validators and delegators staking ATOM tokens to bolster security and partake in consensus. Moreover, ATOM holders possess governance rights, influencing the trajectory of the Cosmos network through their votes. ATOM can also be used to pay transaction fees or staked for additional rewards. An annual inflation rate of 7 percent to 20 percent incentivizes ATOM holders to stake their tokens.
Distribution of ATOM
ATOM was initially distributed as follows:
35 percent earmarked for staking rewards
30 percent disseminated to partner exchanges to ensure liquidity
10 percent set aside for the Interchain Foundation
10 percent remains with Tendermint
15 percent was allocated to the team and investors
Number of posts mentioning a token in the last 24h. This can help gauge the level of interest surrounding this token.
Contributors
Number of individuals posting about a token in the last 24h. A higher number of contributors can suggest improved token performance.
Interactions
Sum of socially-driven online engagement in the last 24h, such as likes, comments, and reposts. High engagement levels can indicate strong interest in a token.
Sentiment
Percentage score reflecting post sentiment in the last 24h. A high percentage score correlates with positive sentiment and can indicate improved market performance.
Volume rank
Volume refers to post volume in the last 24h. A higher volume ranking reflects a token’s favored position relative to other tokens.
In the last 24 hours, there have been 8K new posts about Cosmos, driven by 5.3K contributors, and total online engagement reached 4.7M social interactions. The sentiment score for Cosmos currently stands at 79%. Compared to all cryptocurrencies, post volume for Cosmos currently ranks at 834. Keep an eye on changes to social metrics as they can be key indicators of the influence and reach of Cosmos.
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Posts
8,018
Contributors
5,267
Interactions
4,674,730
Sentiment
79%
Volume rank
#834
X
Posts
2,166
Interactions
363,949
Sentiment
87%
Cosmos FAQ
What is Cosmos?
Cosmos is an interoperable network designed to connect various independent blockchains, facilitating communication and collaboration between them. It aims to address the blockchain industry's challenges of scalability and interoperability.
Why is interoperability important in the blockchain space?
Interoperability allows for different blockchains to communicate and share information. It bridges the gap between isolated blockchains, enabling more integrated and versatile applications and solutions.
Where can I buy ATOM?
Easily buy ATOM tokens on the OKX cryptocurrency platform. Available trading pairs in the OKX spot trading terminal include ATOM/BTC, ATOM/ETH, ATOM/USDT, and ATOM/USDC.
To view the estimated real-time conversion prices between fiat currencies, such as the USD, EUR, GBP, and others, into ATOM, visit the OKX Crypto Converter Calculator. OKX's high-liquidity crypto exchange ensures the best prices for your crypto purchases.
How much is 1 Cosmos worth today?
Currently, one Cosmos is worth $4.2550. For answers and insight into Cosmos's price action, you're in the right place. Explore the latest Cosmos charts and trade responsibly with OKX.
What is cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrencies, such as Cosmos, are digital assets that operate on a public ledger called blockchains. Learn more about coins and tokens offered on OKX and their different attributes, which includes live prices and real-time charts.
When was cryptocurrency invented?
Thanks to the 2008 financial crisis, interest in decentralized finance boomed. Bitcoin offered a novel solution by being a secure digital asset on a decentralized network. Since then, many other tokens such as Cosmos have been created as well.
Watch this video to learn about what happens when you move your money to a crypto exchange.
ESG Disclosure
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
Asset details
Name
OKcoin Europe LTD
Relevant legal entity identifier
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Name of the crypto-asset
Cosmos ATOM
Consensus Mechanism
Cosmos ATOM is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Bitsong, Cosmos, Cronos, Ethereum, Injective, Osmosis.
Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently.
BitSong operates on a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism. In this model, BTSG token holders delegate their tokens to validators, who are responsible for producing and validating new blocks. The selection of validators is based on the amount of BTSG tokens staked and the duration of staking, which determines their voting power in the network's governance processes.
The Cosmos network uses the Cosmos SDK, a modular framework that enables developers to build custom, application-specific blockchains. Cosmos SDK chains rely on Tendermint Core, a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus engine that supports interoperability and fast transaction finality. Core Components: 1. Tendermint BFT Consensus with Proof of Stake: Validator Selection: Cosmos validators are selected based on the amount of ATOM they stake or receive from delegators. These validators participate in block proposal and validation through a two-thirds majority voting system. Security Threshold: Tendermint BFT ensures network security as long as fewer than one-third of validators act maliciously. 2. Modular Cosmos SDK Framework: Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC): The Cosmos SDK supports IBC, allowing seamless interoperability between Cosmos-based blockchains. Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI): This interface separates the consensus layer from the application layer, enabling developers to implement custom logic without modifying the consensus engine.
Cronos operates on a Proof of Stake (PoS) model integrated with Tendermint’s Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus, designed for decentralization, security, and interoperability. This model enables validators to be selected based on staking power, rewarding them for securing and validating the network. Core Components: Proof of Stake (PoS) with Tendermint BFT Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of CRO tokens staked, securing the network and producing blocks. Delegation Model: Token holders can delegate their CRO to validators, enabling participation in network security without needing to run a validator node. Cosmos SDK and Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) Cross-Chain Connectivity: Built on the Cosmos SDK, Cronos enables cross-chain communication, connecting to other Cosmos blockchains and ecosystems such as Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain.
The crypto-asset's Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in 2022, replaces mining with validator staking. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH every block a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block. Once proposed the other validators verify the blocks integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds, and finalization occurs after two epochs (~12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behavior or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency.
Injective operates on a Tendermint-based Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus model, ensuring high throughput and immediate transaction finality. Core Components: Tendermint-based Proof of Stake (PoS): Ensures instant transaction finality and supports efficient block production for high-speed transactions. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of INJ tokens staked, considering both self-staked and delegated tokens, to maintain a decentralized network. Delegation: INJ holders can delegate their tokens to validators, earning a share of staking rewards while participating in network governance. Instant Finality: The Tendermint consensus mechanism provides immediate finality, ensuring transactions cannot be reversed once validated.
Osmosis operates on a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, leveraging the Cosmos SDK and Tendermint Core to provide secure, decentralized, and scalable transaction processing. Core Components: Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen based on the amount of OSMO tokens they stake or are delegated by other token holders. Validators are responsible for validating transactions, producing blocks, and maintaining network security. Cosmos SDK and Tendermint Core: Osmosis uses Tendermint Core for Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus, ensuring fast finality and resistance to attacks as long as less than one-third of validators are malicious. Decentralized Governance: OSMO token holders can participate in governance by voting on protocol upgrades and network parameters, fostering a community-driven approach to network development.
Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees
Cosmos ATOM is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Bitsong, Cosmos, Cronos, Ethereum, Injective, Osmosis.
Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform.
The native token, BTSG, serves multiple roles within the BitSong ecosystem, including transaction fee payments, staking, and governance participation. Validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, with a portion of these rewards distributed to delegators after deducting the validator's commission.
The Cosmos network incentivizes both validators and delegators to secure the network through staking rewards, funded by transaction fees and newly minted ATOM. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Staking Rewards for Validators and Delegators: ATOM Rewards: Validators earn staking rewards in ATOM tokens for participating in consensus, with rewards shared with delegators who stake ATOM through delegation. 2. Slashing for Accountability: Penalties for Misconduct: Validators who act maliciously, such as double-signing or staying offline, face slashing penalties, which remove a portion of their staked ATOM. Delegators may also experience slashing if their chosen validator is penalized, encouraging careful selection of trustworthy validators. Applicable Fees: 1. Transaction Fees: User-Paid Fees in ATOM: All transactions on the Cosmos Hub incur fees paid in ATOM, compensating validators for transaction processing and helping to prevent network spam. 2. Customizable Fee Model: Custom Token Fees: Cosmos SDK allows individual chains to define their own transaction fees in tokens other than ATOM, supporting varied application requirements within the ecosystem.
Cronos incentivizes validators and delegators with staking rewards and transaction fees, aligning economic incentives with network security and growth. Incentive Mechanisms: Staking Rewards Validators and Delegators: Both groups earn CRO rewards for supporting network security. Delegators earn a portion of the validator rewards, promoting broader network participation. Deflationary Mechanism Token Burning: A portion of transaction fees and staking rewards may be periodically burned, reducing CRO supply over time and potentially increasing token value. Applicable Fees: Transaction and Smart Contract Fees Standard Transactions: Users pay CRO for network transactions and dApp interactions, providing a steady income for validators. Ethereum-Compatible Gas Fees: Executing Ethereum-compatible smart contracts incurs gas fees, similar to Ethereum, payable in CRO.
The crypto-asset's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the crypto-asset's fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity.
Injective incentivizes network participation through staking rewards and a unique transaction fee model that supports long-term value for INJ tokens. Incentive Mechanisms: Staking Rewards: INJ holders earn rewards for staking their tokens, encouraging active participation in securing the network. Validator Rewards: Validators receive staking rewards and transaction fees for processing transactions and maintaining network security. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees: Users pay fees in INJ tokens for network transactions, including smart contract execution and trading. Fee Structure: A portion of transaction fees is burned via a weekly on-chain auction, reducing the overall supply of INJ tokens and supporting a deflationary tokenomics model.
Osmosis incentivizes validators, delegators, and liquidity providers through a combination of staking rewards, transaction fees, and liquidity incentives. Incentive Mechanisms: Validator Rewards: Validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, distributed in OSMO tokens, for their role in securing the network and processing transactions. Delegators who stake their OSMO tokens with validators receive a share of these rewards. Liquidity Provider Rewards: Users providing liquidity to Osmosis pools earn swap fees and may receive additional incentives in the form of OSMO tokens to encourage liquidity provision. Superfluid Staking: Liquidity providers can participate in superfluid staking, staking a portion of their OSMO tokens within liquidity pools. This mechanism allows users to earn staking rewards while maintaining liquidity in the pools. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees: Users pay transaction fees in OSMO tokens for network activities, including swaps, staking, and governance participation. These fees are distributed to validators and delegators, incentivizing their continued participation and support for network security.
Beginning of the period to which the disclosure relates
2024-06-04
End of the period to which the disclosure relates
2025-06-04
Energy report
Energy consumption
186470.86413 (kWh/a)
Energy consumption sources and methodologies
The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components:
For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) binance_smart_chain, bitsong, cosmos, cronos, ethereum, injective, osmosis is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
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